Marriage to a Russian Bride – The family is included!

It is undeniable that Russian brides are very sexy, and marriage with them will ensure many years of faithful company. But at the same time, you should remember that his Russian wife remain close to his family back home in their country. It will be a good idea to meet her family earliest.

The Russians are a very close partnership with each person sharing freely with others around. This feeling of unity has been fostered by long years of struggle, that Russia had to face. Since the Second World War, Russia's economy has been in the doldrums, and in the nineties, Russia nearly broke completely. Due to political turmoil for example, Russian society has been affected. This sense of security is what the Russians are coming closer to each other.

During tough economic times in Russia, things were so rough that friends and family had to share food, bread and other essentials. Naturally, was the woman of the house which bore the brunt of this kind of pressure and helped the family pass. So you can be sure that the lovely lady from Russia, whose heart I wish, has learned from his mother and his experience.

Russian women are very firm believers in their own customs and traditions, and that makes them look for men marry support. It has taught men usually are the life support of the family. In fact, this concept has been fostered in them since childhood, and was born of insecurity. That also makes these women very close to their mothers, aunts and grandmothers, as they have experienced similar situations.

However, the situation very behind Russia has made the woman aware of her money. They are very alert in paying bills on time, and therefore become good housewives. His marriage with a Russian bride also will ensure that your financial situation improves, they are very good at saving. However, you will need to discuss with the family before his Russian bride before marriage. Ask your very delicate, if all is well with your family. Ask how they will cope with life away from his family after marriage and migration in the country.

In most cases, Russian women do not want to break with their families, although it will be very keen to establish their nest love you. That's why you have to ask his mother and father in particular. You should find out if there is someone to care for them when your girlfriend has left home. And if not, then what is the solution you are doing for them, if there is a medical emergency, for example.

Many couples the same time, Russia's foreign happen because the woman does not want to live in poverty rife in Russia and therefore, decides to become a bride for a foreigner and leave the country. Many women even accept that only married for citizenship and a better lifestyle. But that does not mean that you do not love their husbands. Even if they have married and come to escape the conditions of their own country, which will be very obedient and faithful after marriage. Never got a husband who gave them a better life.

Even today, brides Russia after marriage to a foreigner not forget their parents back home. The only link that grow fonder in his absence. Russian women will depending on her husband's livelihood and emotional support from others, but certainly appreciate the husband to let him take care of their own parents. In fact, it could also expected to send some of his money to his parents back home if no one else to care for them.

About the Author

Russian women are known to be amongst the most beautiful, stylish, well dressed, educated & family orientated women on the planet. If you are serious about finding a Russian bride, you must read our hard hitting and honest reviews of the top Russian dating web sites. Don’t be a victim of Russian dating scams. Learn more.

House Finch Nest, 6/2/07 (Feeding)

US Auctions Australian Auctions Austrian Auctions Belgian Auctions Canadian Auctions French Auctions German Auctions Indian Auctions Irish Auctions Italian Auctions Dutch Auctions Polish Auctions Spanish Auctions Swiss Auctions UK Auctions

Best Match Time: ending soonest Time: newly listed Price: lowest first Price: highest first Price + Shipping: lowest first Price + Shipping: highest first

Bird Finch Nest Nests 8223 large X 8223 Lot of 4 pcs    US $11.88

Finch Nest Box by ABBA plasticfrom Italy Free Shipping Bird Supplies    US $9.50

Tiki Hut Covered Nest Finch Canary All Natural    US $1.99

Super Pet Nature`s Nest for Finch Stick    US $1.97

Bird Finch Nest Nests 8222 Medium M 8222 Lot of 4 pcs    US $11.88

SMALL SML BIRD FINCH BREEDER BREEDING NEST INDOOR OUTDOOR HOUSE SINGLE LOT OF 5    US $19.95

SMALL SML BIRD FINCH BREEDER BREEDING NEST INDOOR OUTDOOR HOUSE DOUBLE LOT OF 5    US $39.95

SMALL SML BIRD FINCH BREEDER BREEDING NEST INDOOR OUTDOOR HOUSE DOUBLE    US $7.99

SMALL SML BIRD FINCH BREEDER BREEDING NEST INDOOR OUTDOOR HOUSE SINGLE    US $3.99

Wooden Bird Nesting Boxes Parakeet Canary Finch    US $4.99

2 Vintage Milk Glass Gold Finch Pair Baby Bird Spaghetti Art Nest Figurine    US $6.95

Living World Bamboo Finch Nest4 in Bird Supplies    US $5.75

Robin Dove Finch Nesting Ledge Box Platform Cedar New Handmade in USA    US $11.45

5 nests 5 pads canary finch small birds nest diameter 1050cm heigh 550cm    US $11.99

Havegard Farm Best Nest Builder All Natural Goldfinch Finch Nesting Material    US $9.00

Buy 2 get 1 free bird nests water feederseed feeder sticks Accessories    US $9.99

MARDI GRAS motive Sugar Glider Pouch Hiding hut Small Pet Finch Sleeping nest    US $1.04

Vo Toys Bamboo Finch Giant Nest 6x6in    US $2.57

6 NEW WOODEN FINCH NEST BOX INSIDE CAGE WOOD PERCH    US $22.00

NEW Natures Nest Stick Giant Finch or all Nesting BIRDS    US $4.00

Living World Bamboo Finch Nest6 in Bird Supplies    US $6.75

Finch Canary Round Hut Nest All Natural    US $1.59

3 NEW WOODEN FINCH NEST BOX OUTSIDE CAGE WOOD PERCH    US $11.95

1 NEW WOODEN FINCH NEST BOX INSIDE CAGE WOOD PERCH    US $4.49

Bird Finch Nest Nests 8222 Medium    US $11.59

WARE 089034 Pet Finch Nest Box Regular    US $23.52

WARE 089038 Finch Nest Box Regular 1579    US $23.52

Bird Finch Nest Nests 8222 Medium    US $11.59

Super Pet Nature`s Nest for Finch Bamboo    US $2.47

Finch Nest Box Inside or Outside of Cage or Aviary    US $10.99

Super Pet Natures Nest Finch    US $3.99

48 NEW WOODEN FINCH NEST BOX INSIDE CAGE WOOD PERCH    US $150.00

12 NEW WOODEN FINCH NEST BOX INSIDE CAGE WOOD PERCH    US $39.95

Super Pet Natures Nest Giant Finch    US $4.99

3 NEW WOODEN FINCH NEST BOX INSIDE CAGE WOOD PERCH    US $11.95

PREVUE PET PRODUCTS BPV1101 Finch Inside Nest Box    US $14.11

BIRDS Passerine Finch GoldFinch Nest old print c1870    US $16.99

Super Pet Natures Nest Small Finch Stick 100079581    US $3.49

Super Pet Natures Nest Large Nest Finch Stick 100079582    US $3.95

Vintage Norcrest Japan Gold Finch Figurine Parents w Baby Spaghetti Nest Cute    US $14.99

48 NEW WOODEN FINCH NEST BOX OUTSIDE CAGE WOOD PERCH    US $150.00

12 NEW WOODEN FINCH NEST BOX OUTSIDE CAGE WOOD PERCH    US $39.95

1 NEW WOODEN FINCH NEST BOX OUTSIDE CAGE WOOD PERCH    US $4.49

6 NEW WOODEN FINCH NEST BOX OUTSIDE CAGE WOOD PERCH    US $22.00

Living World Bamboo Finch Nest Small    US $2.79

SUPERPET PETS INTERNATIONAL BSR86003 Natures Nest Finch    US $13.08

PREVUE PET PRODUCTS BPV1151 Finch Covered Twig Nest    US $12.78

PREVUE PET PRODUCTS BPV1154 Finch Covered Bamboo Nest    US $12.95

View Page:   1  2

Gumboro Disease Outbreak in a Vaccinated Pre-lay Poultry in New Pen House

Introduction

Infectious bursal disease is an acute contagious viral disease of young chickens caused by an RNA-virus which is classified as a member of the genus avibirnavirus of the Family Birnaviridae (Dobos et al., 1979; Brown, 1986).

Turkeys, ducks, guinea fowls, and ostriches may occasionally be affected by the disease (Johnson et al., 1980; McFerran et al., 1980).

The disease was first reported in USA in 1962 by Cosgrove and was referred to as “avian nephrosis” because of the extensive kidney damage in birds that succumbed to the infection (Cosgrove, 1962); and subsequently in other countries including Nigeria (Ojo et al., 1973; Onunkwo, 1975).

Although, IBD is primarily a disease of young (between 3 and 6 weeks) and unimmunized chickens, reports of the disease in vaccinated chicken flocks aged 16-20 weeks have been reported (Okoye and Uzoukwu, 1981; Durojaye et al., 1984; Awolaja and Adene,1995). The aim of this study was to document a case of Gumboro disease in a 13th week old vaccinated flock.

Materials and Methods

A. Flock and Clinical Data:

The farm was visited to collect flock data and clinical history. Recorded farm data were supplemented with information given by farmer in response to questions on course of disease, previous and recent medication.

B. Pathology:

After the gross pathological examination and diagnosis of the case as IBD, tissue specimens of grossly affected organs (i.e bursae and spleen) were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin; paraffin embedded tissues, were sectioned at 5 microns, stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H & E), mounted on glass slides and examined under light microscope at X400.

C. Bacteriology:

Samples of aseptically collected liver, lung and spleen were inoculated into nutrient broth, as well blood agar and MacConkey agar. Cultures were incubated in an incubator at 37oC  and examined daily for microbial growth.

D. Antigen Detection:

Homogenized extracts of bursae Fabricius, heart, lung and spleen were reacted against known positive IBD sera in agar gel precipitation test (AGPT), for presence of IBD antigen in the tissue extracts.  

E. Parasitology:

Cecal and intestinal samples were processed and examined for helminth ova and Eimeria oocysts.

Results

Case history:

The case involved a flock of 240- thirteen-week old Isa brown chickens purchased from a commercial hatchery in Jos as day old chicks. The chickens were housed on deep litter and fed from day old ad libitum. Before stocking, the newly built poultry house was washed and disinfected. No previous batches of flock were kept in the pen or any place in the premises. Prior to the outbreak of the disease, all vaccination regimens were strictly followed including that of Gumboro which was given at first and third weeks of age. Chickens were initially noticed to be apparently healthy, but at 12th week, some of them were observed to be passing bloody diarrhea which resulted in mortality of 5 chickens. The condition was diagnosed to be coccidiosis which was successfully controlled with Embazin Forte® (Amprolium and sulfaquinoxaline) within 4 days.

Three days after recovery from coccidiosis, some of the chickens were later noticed to be passing brownish feces, some whitish diarrhea and the flock was generally weak and anorexic. Death commenced within a day of first sign, mortality rose sharply to a peak and declined almost rapidly, in a course of about 6 days (Figure 1). Total mortality recorded within the six days was 115 (48.9%). On the second day of the outbreak, the farmer used her discretion to administer Conflox (enrofloxacin) in order to ameliorate the condition, but no success was recorded. Four carcasses from the farm were then presented to the Central Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria on 8/4/2009 for necropsy.

Pathologic findings:

Post mortem examination of the four carcasses indicated that one presented with cyanosed comb, two had their vents matted with whitish-yellow diarrhea, while three were slightly emaciated. Trachea and lungs of the four carcasses appeared normal. There was hemorrhage at the proventricular junctions in two out of four chickens (Figure 2). Congested liver was noticed in two and slightly pale liver was seen in one. Kidneys of all the 4 carcasses were observed to be markedly enlarged. Slightly congested spleens were seen in all the four chickens. The bursae of Fabricius of all the birds were grossly enlarged and oedematous (Fig 2). A post mortem diagnosis of IBD was therefore made from these findings.

Laboratory Findings

Virology:

The bursa of Fabricius, heart, lung and spleen tested positive for IBD antigen by agar gel precipitin test (AGPT)

Bacteriology:

The samples of liver, lung and spleen submitted for bacteriology did not yield any bacterial growth during 24-48 hours of incubation.

Histopathology:

Section of the bursa of Fabricius (Figure 3) showed loss of the normal corticomedullary architecture of bursa and extensive expansion of the interfollicular connective tissue with edema and cellular infiltration by heterophils, macrophages and plasma cell. Lymphocyte depletion was observed in most follicles, in addition to medulla necrotic debris.

Parasitology:

Parasitologic result revealed that no helminth ova or coccidia oocysts.

Discussion

Gumboro disease is characterized by short incubation period of 2-3 days, and course of 5-6 days. Hemorrhages in skeletal muscles, proventriculus and enlargement of the bursa of Fabricius are some of the common lesions seen at post mortem (Lukert and Hitchner, 1997). In this report, the post mortem findings and death pattern observed were consistent with Gumboro disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and IBD antigen detection in the bursa of Fabricius, liver, lung and spleen. This in effect implied an IBD outbreak in a double vaccinated 13 weeks old flock. Similar findings in vaccinated mature flocks aged between 16 and 20 weeks have been previously reported in Nigeria (Okoye and Ozoukwu, 1981; Durojaye et al., 1984, Awolaja and Adene, 1995). Such IBD outbreak therefore raised crucial question on the involvement of vaccine failure or vaccine break. In highly susceptible and unvaccinated flock, morbidity associated with the disease is usually 100% with mortality of 20-30% sometimes reaching 100% by very virulent IBDV. The 48.9% mortality recorded in this report suggested that the stock was fully susceptible to Gumboro disease.  Infectious bursal disease is largely controlled by both live attenuated and inactivated (killed) vaccines and there is no report of any successful drug therapy.

The administration of Conflox (Enrofloxacin), an antibiotic, by the farmer on day two of the outbreak could not ameliorate the condition as IBD is non bacterial. The action of this farmer was out of desperation and it also exemplified how drugs are used indiscriminately in poultry. Antibiotic treatment in this flock could be responsible for the inability to isolate any bacterium from the samples submitted for bacteriology.

The occurrence of coccidiosis in the flock and IBD after 12th week of age could be an indication of poor management practice by the farmer, especially as some of them were emaciated. Vaccination at 7th day post hatch without screening for maternal antibody may be one of the sources of the problem because maternal derived antibody might have possibly neutralized the vaccine virus.  Again, at 13th week, IBD vaccinal immunity, if any in this flock could have waned drastically and such a flock would be susceptible to IBD virus infection in the pen or to cross infection from adjacent sources. Loss of vaccine potency due to cold chain storage failure could be one of the possible factors that attributed to the flock’s susceptibility to IBD outbreak. There is therefore the need to maintain cold chain at (4ºC) for vaccines from point of production to point of administration. However, this situation is often difficult to attain in most developing countries of tropical Africa including Nigeria because of erratic power supply (Masiga et al., 1988).

Vaccine break from insufficient attenuation of vaccine or from vaccine virus reversion was ruled out from causative factors because outbreaks from such circumstances would have occurred shortly after vaccination. The outbreak in this case came 70 days post vaccination. Other probably and remote factors could be associated with emergence of pathotype variants which could overcome the current IBD vaccine immunity.

It was therefore, concluded that the IBD outbreak was possibly due to vaccine failure.

Recommendations

The development of IBD thermostable vaccine is advocated in view of the adverse effect of tropical environmental temperature and problems with cold chain maintenance (Alders, 2002). Studies should be directed towards elucidating the monitoring of IBD pathotypes in our environment. Birds should be routinely sero-monitored in order to know the level of protective anti bodies against IBD and for the planning of IBD vaccination regimen. Poultry farmers should be advised on the need for good management practices. 

Recommendations

The development of IBD thermostable vaccine is advocated in view of the adverse effect of tropical environmental temperature and problems with cold chain maintenance (Alders, 2002). Studies should be directed towards elucidating the monitoring of IBD pathotypes in our environment. Birds should be routinely sero-monitored in order to know the level of protective anti bodies against IBD and for the planning of IBD vaccination regimen. Poultry farmers should be advised on the need for good management practices. 

                                              Figure 1: IBD Mortality chart

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Days

                                                        Figure 1: IBD Mortality chart

Figure 2: Haemorrhages at proventricular junction (A), Oedematous bursa of Fabricius

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Professor D. F. Adene for initiating and supervising this study and publication. We are also grateful to Dr P. Okewale for facilities and his support.

Figure 3: The lesions in the bursa of Fabricius (x100, H&E )

A: Ghost bursal follicles with necrotic medullary debri; B: interfollicular

oedema with heterophils and macrophages; C:Residual cortical tissues.

Acknowledgements

1. The authors acknowledge Professor D. F. Adene for initiating and supervising this study and publication. We are also grateful to Dr P. Okewole for facilities and his support.                                                                                                           

Conflict of interest statement

None of the authors of this paper has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.

References

Awolaja, O. A. and Adene D. F. (1995). Infectious bursal disease outbreak in a vaccinated poultry flock. Tropical Veterinarian 13:1-2, Pp 37-44.

Brown, F. (1986). The classification and nomenclature of viruses: Summary of results of meeting of the international committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in Sendai. Intervirology 25:141-143.

Cosgrove, A. A. (1962). An apparently new disease of chicken-avian nephrosis. Avian Dis., 6:385-389

Dobos, P., Hill, B. J., Hallet, R., Kells, D. T., Becht, H. and Teninges, D. (1979). Biophysical and biochemical characterization of five animal viruses with bisegmented double- stranded RNA genomes. Journal of Virology 32:593-605

Durojaye, O. A., Ajibade, H. A. and Olafimihan, G. O. (1984). An outbreak of Infectious bursal disease in 20-week old birds. Tropical Veterinarian 2:175-176.

Johnson, D. C., Lukert, P. D. and Page, K. R. (1980). Field studies with convalescent serum and infectious bursal disease vaccine to control turkey coryza. Avian Dis. 24:386-392).

Lukert, P. D and Hitchner, S. B. (1997). Infectious bursal disease. In: Diseases of poultry 10th editon. Edited by Calnek, B. W., Barnes, H. J., Beard, C. W., McDougald, L. B. and Saif, Y. M. Iowa State University Press, Ames, 721-738.

Masiga, W. N., Halpin, B. and Cheneau, Y. (1988). A review of riderpest and riderpest-like diseases in Africa. A. O. Williams and W. N. Masiga ed. CTA of ACP/EEC (Lome Convention). Pp 1-68.

McFarran, J. B., McNulty, M. S., McKillop, E. R., Conner, T. J., McCracken, R. M., Collins, D. S. and Allan, G. S. (1980). Isolation and serological studies with infectious bursal disease virus from fowl, turkey and duck: Demonstration of a second serotype. Avian Pathology 9: 395-404

Ojo, M. O., Oduye, O. O., Nobi, L. and Idowu, A. L. (1973). Gumboro-like disease in Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health, Production, 5:52-56.

Okoye, J. O. A. and Ozoukwu, M. (1981). An outbreak of infectious bursal disease among chickens between 16 and 20 week old. Avian Disease 25:1034-1038.

Onunkwo, O. (1975). An outbreak of infectious bursal disease (IBD) of chickens in Nigeria. Veterinary Record 97:433.

About the Author

Dashe, Y. G*., Okewole, P., Jwander, D. L. and Alesa, M. U.
Central Diagnostic Department, P.M.B.01, NVRI, Vom, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: e-mail: yakubudashe@yahoo.co.uk; phone: +234 8035778490

Regina Spektor – “The Sword & the Pen” (live at the White House)

US Auctions Australian Auctions Austrian Auctions Belgian Auctions Canadian Auctions French Auctions German Auctions Indian Auctions Irish Auctions Italian Auctions Dutch Auctions Polish Auctions Spanish Auctions Swiss Auctions UK Auctions

Best Match Time: ending soonest Time: newly listed Price: lowest first Price: highest first Price + Shipping: lowest first Price + Shipping: highest first

New 45 Dog Pet Cat Puppy Playpen Kennel Exercise Pen Crate House Tent Blue    US $49.90

VINTAGE BOOK CORONET 1954 ADVERTISING HOUSE WIFE CAT SHEAFFERS PENS BASE BALL    US $.99

Poodle Pen in Dog House Holder    US $1.99

Cocker Spaniel Pen in Dog House Holder    US $1.99

Maltese Pen in Dog House Holder    US $1.99

Sheltie Pen in Dog House Holder    US $1.99

ETUDE HOUSE] Nail Art Pen 02 Pink 9ml Nail Art Pen Type ★Easy Self Use    US $2.25

N scale Bachmann RTR CUSTOM Farm House and livestock pens and stables VERY NICE    US $19.45

Brand new WHITE HOUSE wooden BALLPOINT Zen inspired pen GIFT BOX    US $15.00

Harry Potter Hogwarts Slytherin House pen NIB    US $35.00

10 Dog Puppy Pads Wee Piddle Pooch House Pee Bed Pet Indoor Potty Reuable Pen    US $36.89

12 Whelping Box Pad Waterproof House Bed Pen Diaper Wee Pee Pooch Piddle Dog Pet    US $20.89

12 Puppies Potty Pad House Bed Pen Diaper Wee Pee Pooch Piddle Dog Reusable Bowl    US $20.89

8 REUSABLE PUPPY Pad Washable Wee Dog Pet Bed House Potty Crate Pen Cat Pee    US $20.89

SCARCE official White House pen for VP Rockefeller old style eagle NO RSV    US $2.25

Barack Obama White House Staff Pen Extremely Rare Seal Signature Gorgeous    US $175.00

RICHARD NIXON WHITE HOUSE PARKER PRESIDENTIAL PEN IN BOX    US $29.99

Chicken Poultry CoopBarn Hen House PenRabbit Hutch    US $354.95

Rare 1960s Salesmans Sample Lobster House Pen Connecticut    US $.99

New Chicken CoopArk TractorHen House PenRabbit Hutch    US $.99

Lot 7x Magnetic pens promotional item house red REFRIGERATOR    US $2.40

HOUSE MD PROMOTIONAL PEN HUGH LAURIE    US $25.00

9 Kawaii Cute Full House Pens Wholesale Bulk Lot    US $3.00

Truman White House Pen Stand    US $1,200.00

POSTCARD BLUE MOUNTAIN HOUSE BLUE MOUNTAN MD PEN MAR TUCKS PC    US $3.99

Fine Original Watercolor Pen Drawing Light House Seagull Coast and Waves    US $28.99

1929 Watermans Swan Fountain Pens 4 Vintage Print Ads Houses of Parliament    US $5.00

PEN KING WHITE HOUSE IN WASHINGTON DC    US $69.99

PEN KING ORIGINAL DALLAS OLD COURT HOUSE    US $69.99

PEN KING ORIGINAL Old Cabarrus Court house    US $69.99

PEN KING ORIGINAL CANON HOUSE WASHINGTON DC    US $69.99

PEN KING Cheshire House Main Street Keene NH    US $69.99

PEN KING Customs House in Nashville TN    US $69.99

PEN KING Georgetown Court House Georgetown Texas    US $69.99

PEN KING SILENT HOUSE    US $69.99

PEN KING State Capitol HOUSE Annapolis MARYLAND    US $69.99

1973 BUICK Open House Ballpoint Pen FABULOUS FORTY RARE DESIRABLE Free Ship    US $12.99

The Old Col Opera House Carol Annette Cox PenInk Print    US $175.00

6 Puppy Training Pads Pooch Washable House Dog Pee Wee Incontinence Cage Pen    US $26.89

12 Puppy Whelping Pad Washable House Bed Pen Diaper Wee Pee Pooch Piddle Dog Pet    US $20.89

Waffle House® Pen and Pencil    US $2.50

8 Dog Pee Pad House Training Puppy Wee Chux Puppy Potty Bed Crate Kennel Pen Pet    US $20.89

New Chicken Poultry CoopHen House PenRabbit Hutch    US $349.95

VERY RARE DR GREGORY HOUSE DESKTOP PEN HOLDER ACCESSORIES    US $11.99

Old Ranch House Teddy N Wagon Pen Ink Ltd Ed    US $9.95

Riverside County Court HouseCA Pen Ink Ltd Ed    US $9.95

Hertiage House Riverside CA Pen Ink Ltd Ed    US $9.95

3 Spencerian Pen Nibs CAPITOL DOME POINT GILT POINT COUNTING HOUSE    US $4.00

View Page:   1  2

How many different ways can seven birds pose around a circular bird bath?

Thot I was a fish a perch. Would perch in the pool. 7!

Hurleys Bird Perched

US Auctions Australian Auctions Austrian Auctions Belgian Auctions Canadian Auctions French Auctions German Auctions Indian Auctions Irish Auctions Italian Auctions Dutch Auctions Polish Auctions Spanish Auctions Swiss Auctions UK Auctions

Best Match Time: ending soonest Time: newly listed Price: lowest first Price: highest first Price + Shipping: lowest first Price + Shipping: highest first

COLLECTABLE LIPPER MANN BIRD PERCHED ON TREE STUMP VASE FIGURINE    US $12.99

Capri Blue Crystal Rhinestone Silver Tone Big Eyed Perched Owl Bird Pin Brooch    US $2.99

GIUSEPPE ARMANI CAPODIMONTE Sculpture TWO BIRDS PERCHED CLOSE VALENTINES    US $75.00

Aqua Blue Crystal Rhinestone Perched Owl Bird Chain Costume Pendant Necklace    US $2.99

40P Bronze Perched Bird Animal Bead Charm Pendant Alloy Findings Fit Jewelry DIY    US $2.29

Vintage chinese brass bird perched bell 4    US $4.95

Perched Robin Bird Charm Sterling 3D Vintage WOW    US $24.98

Pair of White Dove Birds Perched on a Floral Branch    US $7.49

vintage Molded burwood Syrocco Bird perched on branch picture button NR    US $3.99

GOEBEL BIRDS PERCHED PINK FLOWERS YELLOW BLACK DOUBLE WARBLERS 2 BIRDS MINTY    US $14.99

Decorative Candy Dish with Ceramic Perched Bird    US $2.49

Hand blown Glass Miniature Bird perched on Birdbath    US $4.99

Antique Figurine of an Exotic Perched Green Bird on Base Trim w Gold Germany    US $64.00

Vintage Cast Aluminum Birds perched in a tree branch Salt Pepper Shaker Set    US $12.00

Heart Shaped Crystal with two birds perched on top    US $5.00

CAPODIMONTE FIVE SMALL BLUE BIRDS PERCHED ON A LOG MADE IN ITALY    US $17.43

Vintage Goebel Porcelain Bird Figure Tree Perched CV 115 Germany Made RARE Large    US $35.00

Color Photo R2024 Birds perched on pyramid structure    US $5.98

Hofbauer Bryds Dinner Bell Bird Perched on Top Fluted Edge Lead Crystal Germany    US $7.98

2 ea Hand Painted Birds perched on stumps    US $11.00

Vintage 1930s Watering Can Garden Charm w Perched Bird Silver Pendant    US $14.99

Strongwater red perched song bird rare figurine bird collectors NEW in box tag    US $200.00

Genuine Aurore Boreale Crystal Rhinestone Skinny Perched Owl Bird Stud Earrings    US $2.99

Golden Night Sky Gazing Hooting Owl Tree Branch Perched Costume Bird Brooch Pin    US $2.99

pair of birds perched on a fountain vintage    US $6.25

Crystal Clear Rhinestone Perched Owl Jupiter Moon Dream Bird Costume Pin Brooch    US $2.99

50 Perched Birds Thank You Cards Wedding    US $22.75

OWL LOVE BIRDS CAST RESIN 5 1 2 TALL PERCHED ON A LOG    US $7.00

Magnet Image of Bald Eagle Perched on Dead Tree Limb Bird Eagles Birds    US $3.85

COPPER COLOR BIRD PERCHED 1967 DART INDUSTRIES PAIR WALL DECOR 7037 7038    US $15.00

Delicate Glass Pink Birds Perched on Green and Pink Vine    US $19.00

SIGNED VINTAGE CARVED WALNUT WOOD ROAD RUNNER BIRD PERCHED ON A STRIP OF BARK    US $9.99

Bird House Charm Sterling 3D Vintage Nest Perched Sparrow Bluebird Swallow    US $12.98

Cloisonne Gold Thimble Perched Bird in Blue Background 1 1 4 tall    US $5.99

Vintage Pottery Leaf Dish Bowl with 4 Birds Perched on the Edge of Dish EUC    US $19.50

Perched Birds Stained Glass Window Panel    US $129.95

ROYAL CROWN porcelain music box figurine with Birds perched on tree    US $6.00

B W Photo P3220 BIRDS PERCHED OUTSIDE WINDOW    US $5.98

VINTAGE WHITE OPALESCENT ENAMEL RHINESTONE WISE OWLS BIRD PERCHED PIN BROOCH    US $7.32

2 Wooden Green Birds each perched on a wood log figurines cabin lodge decor    US $4.99

Bird Dove Perched in Tree Award Design Medals Solid Brass Belt Buckle    US $44.75

RARE Fantasma Sesame Street watch Big Bird with Little Bird perched on beak 1995    US $19.99

Bird Parrot Animal Pin Brooch Enamel Rhinsestone Diamante Perched    US $2.99

Sweet JapanThree Piece Mayonnaise Set Deco Lustre Blue Bird Perched on Branch    US $24.95

Japan Lustre Snack Set Colorful Perched Bird Cup Tray    US $24.95

Japan Deco Wall Pocket Red Breasted Bird Perched on Branch Yellow Tan Lustre    US $36.95

Winter Birds Perched on Snowy Tree Branch Large Garden Yard Winter Flag NEW    US $16.00

Winter Birds Perched on Snowy Pine Tree Branch Mini Small Garden Winter Flag    US $8.75

View Page:   1  2

Indoor Dog House – Prices for indoor kennels

Most pet owners think of dog houses outside when comes to buying a home for your dog. However, there are also many varieties of indoor kennels on the market. Most people would ask why there is a need for indoor dog houses because their dog is inside the house.

Some pet owners like to use as a way to control the movements of the dog, while others want their dog has a home, but not outdoors especially for smaller sized dogs.

There are many types of indoor kennels on the market using different materials as the home of soft indoor dog. Are sports bags with padded and have excellent ventilation. The insert gives your dog extra comfort.

Some indoor dog house can also act as a cage for small dogs. This is useful for example if you have to go on holiday and can lead to the kennel and leave everything inside with your friend or neighbor.

Dog pen dog house looks like a kennel for use in outdoor kennels. They are generally steel fences. They are very light and large leaving room enough for his small dog to run around inside. They also provide good ventilation and enough space to pack in all the accessories for dogs, as pet food dog beds and blankets.

Today, there are also houses luxury indoor dog that look like furniture from the final table. These are usually made wood and can fit easily into the home. The most common material is usually wood and can come in various colors such as brown, black and antique cherry red.

There is a wide price range of indoor dog houses. Depending on your budget, can cost between $ 50 to a simple dog house over $ 500 for a wooden dog house luxury that looks like a table.

About the Author

Discover where to buy insulated cedar dog houses online. Visit my wooden doghouse site for more information.

How To Make an Indoor / Outdoor Pet Bathroom, Starring Dash the Beagle

US Auctions Australian Auctions Austrian Auctions Belgian Auctions Canadian Auctions French Auctions German Auctions Indian Auctions Irish Auctions Italian Auctions Dutch Auctions Polish Auctions Spanish Auctions Swiss Auctions UK Auctions

Best Match Time: ending soonest Time: newly listed Price: lowest first Price: highest first Price + Shipping: lowest first Price + Shipping: highest first

Softie Warm Indoor Pet Puppy Dog Cat Bed House soft NEW    US $8.50

New heatwarm Indoor Pet Puppy Dog Cat Bed House soft Warmpet house    US $14.69

LARGE INDOOR DOG CAT CAGE CRATE PORTABLE KENNEL HOUSE PET CAGE 5 L    US $159.99

1x warm round Indoor Pet Puppy Dog Cat bed house Green NEW warm dog bed    US $.01

Indoor Pet Puppy Dog Cat Soft Fleece Winter Warm Bed House Nesting Soft Pad Mat    US $9.89

CASTLE STYLE DOG HOUSE WITH STAIRS AND BALCONY Indoor Outdoor Pet Furniture    US $269.99

NEW Collapsible Indoor Pet Dog Cat House Bed Shelter    US $40.95

INDIGO IGLOO DOG HOUSE Indoor Outdoor Pet Furniture Home    US $89.99

New heatwarm Indoor Pet Puppy Dog bed Cat Bed House soft Warm pet house    US $14.69

New Indoor Cat Dog Pet House Night Stand Kitty Litter Box or Bed Multi Function    US $129.99

Warm Round Indoor Soft Fleece Pet Puppy Dog Cat Kitten Bed House Basket Mat New    US $16.20

NEW Indoor Pet Puppy Dog Cat Bed House soft Warm Softie    US $13.60

Indoor Dog Puppy Cat Pet Soft Fleece Winter Warm Bed House Soft Pad Mat S L Size    US $23.92

Coffee Indoor Soft Warm Pet Puppy Dog Bed House Small    US $14.59

ANIMAL PLANET DOG PET KENNEL TENT CARRIER HOUSE CRATE INDOOR OUTDOOR NEW    US $18.99

NEW Portable Dog Puppy Pet House Breaking Indoor Potty Training Litter Box    US $49.99

new INDOOR PYRAMID PET DOG CAT CUSHION HOUSE BED BROWN    US $46.36

various indoor dog cat pet house puppy carrier bed    US $56.90

HIGH QUALITY INDOOR CASSTLE PET DOG CAT HOUSE BED    US $50.99

Warm Indoor Pet Puppy Dog Cat Bed House soft NEW    US $8.63

NEW Pet Cut Indoor Small Dog Cat Puppy Winter Warm Bed House Bed Shelter Ifr    US $37.89

Soft Collapsible Indoor Pet Dog Cat Bed House Furniture    US $44.99

Collapsible Soft Indoor Pet Dog Cat Bed House Furniture    US $44.99

10 Dog Puppy Pads Wee Piddle Pooch House Pee Bed Pet Indoor Potty Reuable Pen    US $36.89

New York SWEET DREAMS DOG PET indoor soft dog house travel bed    US $71.99

NEW Softie Warm Indoor Pet Puppy Dog Cat Soft Bed House    US $13.60

Soft Collapsible Indoor Pet Dog Cat Bed Furniture House    US $44.99

Indoor Dog Pet Puppy Cat Kitten Soft Fleece Winter Warm Bed House Nest Pad MSize    US $15.99

Indoor House Puppy Dog Potty Pet Pad Training toilet HQ    US $38.03

VARIOUS INDOOR PET DOG CAT HOUSE TENT BED    US $79.90

Deluxe Wood DOG CRATE pen pet house indoor end table Kennel indoor puppy    US $299.95

warm round Indoor Pet Puppy Dog Cat bed house free shipping    US $14.00

egg shape indoor pet dog cat house interior decoration    US $88.90

MODERN INDOOR EGG PET DOG CAT HOUSE DECOR INTERIOR    US $69.99

INDOOR PET DOG CAT HOUSE EGG SHAPE DECORATION IVORY    US $69.99

indoor dog pet house tent puppy carrier bed    US $99.90

VARIOUS INDOOR PET DOG CAT CUSHION BED TENT HOUSE    US $17.99

Indoor Pet Puppy Dog Cat Bed House soft Warm Softie    US $11.77

INDOOR PET DOG CAT CUSHION BED TENT HOUSE GIFT BOX    US $47.44

PORTABLE DOG CAT INDOOR PET MULTIFUNCTION HOUSE Transform to Sofa Bed 15x18x13    US $39.99

lovely indoor dog house pet house tent puppy carrier bed    US $50.78

lovely indoor dog house pet house tent puppy carrier bed C    US $51.86

lovely INDOOR PYRAMID PET DOG CAT CUSHION HOUSE BED BROWN    US $45.37

lovely INDOOR PYRAMID PET DOG CAT CUSHION HOUSE BED HOT PINK    US $46.36

new pet indoor luxury house dog cat real rattan house C    US $185.86

new pet indoor luxury house dog cat real rattan house D    US $186.94

Indoor Pet Puppy Dog Cat Soft Fleece Winter Warm Bed House Nesting Soft Pad Mat    US $10.99

new INDOOR PYRAMID PET DOG CAT CUSHION HOUSE BED HOT PINK    US $46.36

View Page:   1  2

Having bluebirds in your home can be very easy with the correct style of bluebird feeder or bluebird house! All birds are not attracted to the same style of structures. While there is some overlap, where several types of birds can share an individual bird feeder or a similiar style of bird house, it is very important to be sure the bird of your choice, in this case the bluebird,  has the correct enviroment to want to remain at your garden. These bluebirds are so beautiful and playful that they can provide you plenty of enjoyment every hour.

Not all types of birds like feeders. For example, an owl or a duck will not come to a bluebird feeder. These birds do not obtain the right style of life to have a use for a normal bluebird feeder. To begin with these birds do not like the same type of meals as a bluebird. Furthermore, even if the other birds did eat similiar food, the bluebird feeder is too small for their large bodies to perch on its food tray. The same is also true for the bird houses. While an owl needs to have his own house, the house made for a bluebird is too tiny for him. The same holds true for the bluebird expecting to use the owl’s house. The house is far too large for his needs. Even if the bluebird wanted to use the owl’s home, the bluebird would not want to be surprized by an owl desiring to take over his home. These examples are extreme differences, but it gets the topic across that birds will be brought to the house or feeder that fits their lifestyle and size.

Another factor is that the correct type of feeder must always accomodate the kind of meal being offered to the bluebird. The feeding tray that holds the mealworms should not be too deep or shallow. A great bluebird feeder, such as the Stovall 11FH Bluebird Feeder with Hanging Chain, has an inside area, like a small room with glass side walls, where the bluebird enters to eat his food. This keeps the seed from falling out and the foodremains dry in the winter months. Also, the holes to the glass room are large enough to allow the bluebirds pass through but not the large birds. This style is a very nice cedar blue bird feeder

A Bluebird feeder comes in many models. Some hang down from branches, others attach to a pole and many can be secured to a fence. A few styles allow food to be offered in different ways. The Birds Choice Supper Dome Seed. Suet. and Mealworm Bird Feeder provides three ways to offer food; seed, suet and mealworms. This is a great looking and functional bluebird feeder feeder. This specific model is one of the prime examples that puts together functionality with good looks!

Like people, birds look for the structures that take care of needs. Obtaining the right feeder and house will provide the desired birds!

US Auctions Australian Auctions Austrian Auctions Belgian Auctions Canadian Auctions French Auctions German Auctions Indian Auctions Irish Auctions Italian Auctions Dutch Auctions Polish Auctions Spanish Auctions Swiss Auctions UK Auctions

Best Match Time: ending soonest Time: newly listed Price: lowest first Price: highest first Price + Shipping: lowest first Price + Shipping: highest first

GET READY FOR SPRING COUNTRY BOY BIRDFEEDER    US $59.95

Pack of 4 Josephs Studio Saint Francis Bird Feeder Garden Figure Statues    US $134.95

Pack of 2 Inspirational Statuary Cherub Outdoor Garden Bird Feeders 22    US $221.95

Droll Yankee Model PK Tubular Bird Feeder Adjustable Feeding Ports    US $9.99

Handmade Wooden Hanging Bird Feeder    US $14.99

BIRD FEEDER WOODEN WITH BLACK CAT HANDCRAFTED    US $9.99

Pack of 2 Garden Getaway Weathered Terracotta Outdoor Garden Bird Feeders 155    US $99.95

Pack of 2 Garden Getaway Square Farm Country Trough Bird Feeders 16    US $134.95

38676 Verdigris Gazebo Birdfeeder    US $32.00

Bird Suet Feeder NO Mark up on shipping No handling or packing fees    US $10.05

Pack of 2 Garden Getaway Round Farm Country Trough Bird Feeders 165    US $129.95

COUNTRY BOY BIRDFEEDER    US $79.95

Pineapple Bird Feeder NEW    US $76.00

OOAK Miniature Dollhouse Fairy Bird Feeders By ODare    US $8.00

Pack of 2 Garden Getaway Decorative Rustic Branch Bird Feeders 115    US $99.95

Birdfeeder dinner time Personalized Address Labels    US $3.15

Faucet Rustic Sink Soap Dish Garden Planter Bird Feeder Decor Copper Art Design    US $13.99

Pack of 2 Decorative Birds on a Pear Stone Bird Feeder Bath    US $99.95

Indiana Hoosiers FOOTBALL BASKETBALL Birdfeeder NEW    US $32.99

Ladybug Birdfeeder    US $48.95

Bird Brain Hand Blown Art Glass Glow In Dark Hummingbird Feeder Mothers Day Gift    US $19.99

Vintage Hendryx Glass Bird Cage Feeder Set    US $8.49

Rowe Pottery Works Bird Feeder 1988    US $20.00

BIRDS NEST SOLAR BIRDFEEDER    US $44.00

Primitive Cast Iron Bird Feeder Bowl for Garden Decor Centerpiece Flower Pot    US $8.99

birdfeeder    US $11.00

The National Audubon Society North American Birdfeeder HandbookFirst Edition    US $4.27

NEW NIB BETTER HOMES GARDENS Glass Liquid Bird Feeder Nectar    US $19.99

Frog Birdfeeder    US $48.95

VINTAGE GLASS METAL HUMMINGBIRD BIRD FEEDER 12 3 NECTAR STATIONS HANGING    US $14.99

Pocket Bird Feeder w Thermometer w Carved Hummingbird Flowers 8 1 2 high    US $9.99

Nice Natures Garden decor piece NIB Round bird feeder    US $.99

Nice Natures Garden decor piece NIB Squared Bird Feeder    US $.99

Mixed Media One of a Kind Ceramic Birdfeeder    US $25.00

BIRD FEEDER NICE FOR WINTERTIME THE BIRDS WILL THANK YOU    US $.11

RED CEDAR LIGHTHOUSE BIRD FEEDER    US $20.00

Humming Bird Birdfeeder HUMMINGBIRD NECTAR FEEDER Handblown Glass NEW    US $22.85

RED CEDAR ROUND BIRD FEEDER    US $22.00

New Tiki Hut Polynesian Bird Feeder with One Way Mirror and Remote Control    US $19.99

Hunting Center Bird Feeder    US $7.99

Dragonfly Birdfeeder    US $48.95

VW HUBCAP FOLk ART BIRDFEEDER    US $12.00

Squirrel Proof Bird Feeder    US $9.99

Show Your Easter Spirit with a Carrot Bird Feeder Complete with a Bee Hanger    US $15.99

Bird feeder handmade from Eagle River Wisconsin    US $29.95

DUNCRAFT DURA LITE THISTLE BIRD FEEDER Free Shipping    US $23.88

Forest face bird feeder tree decor TREEFACE Woodland Forest Face Bird Feeder NR    US $15.50

Bird Feeder Book by Thoms Boswell 1995 PB    US $4.99

View Page:   1  2

Tips to attracting Bluebirds to your Backyard

The key to attracting Bluebirds to nest in your yard is having plenty of potential nesting locations, food, and water. Bluebirds prefer more “open are…

Publish Date: 12/09/2009 8:00

http://blog.newenglandbirdhouse.com/backyard-birding/attractt-bluebirds/

Backyard Bluebird Birding Tips

“Bird Man Mel: Backyard Bluebird Birding Tips”. Everything you need to know to attract Bluebirds to your yard.

Related articles by Zemanta

• Garnish Your Yard With Unique Bird Houses and Wild Bird Feeders … (googlewavestyles.com)
• Vintage Campers for the Birds in Your Life (apartmenttherapy.com)
• For the birds! (jephers.blogspot.com)

Clawback Agreements in Commercial Litigation – Can You Unring a Bell?

Imagine this scenario: Woe Mart, Inc. – a multibillion dollar corporation – is deep in disputes with suppliers. Woe Mart’s General Counsel is trying to negotiate a settlement to avoid litigation. One day, Woe Mart gets notice from the suppliers’ lawyers of a suit to be filed in federal court along with a request to preserve any/all evidence, including electronic evidence. Woe Mart decides to hire a brilliant, seasoned litigator to defend against this frivolous lawsuit. Naturally, you get the call! You haven’t reviewed any documents, but your chat with Woe Mart’s General Counsel tells you this is a high stakes, multi-party complex commercial case. The first thing you do is have Woe Mart’s General Counsel email all employees instructing them to suspend all document destruction and institute a litigation hold. Next, you meet with Woe Mart’s IT personnel. Being the seasoned litigator, you are aware that discovery disputes are the black holes of complex commercial litigation. Woe Mart’s IT personnel inform you that they possess many types of electronic data that may be subject to discovery: email and attachments, word processing documents, spreadsheets, presentation documents, graphics, animations, images, audio, video and audiovisual recordings, instant messaging and voicemail. After a preliminary review, you realize that responding to discovery requests is a Herculean task – both in effort and cost.

Soon you are in a Rule 26(f) conference with opposing counsel. You discuss a discovery plan and try to agree with them on the repositories of electronically stored information that are relevant to the case. During discussion, opposition tells you they’ll serve discovery requests seeking copies of all emails sent or received by any employee concerning Woe Mart’s suppliers. If they insist on this, it will take months to review the emails for applicable privileges and protections. Opposing counsel proposes that you forgo preproduction review and produce all data under a “Clawback Agreement (CA).” You decide to discuss this with Woe Mart’s General Counsel and promise opposing counsel that you will get back to him. Before calling General Counsel, you decide to brush up your knowledge about CAs in federal courts.

CAs evolved as a safeguard against inadvertent waiver of attorney-client or work product privilege – especially when dealing with a large volume of documents. In a CA, both parties agree in writing that inadvertent production of privileged materials will not automatically constitute a waiver of privilege. If the producing party realizes the disclosure in a reasonable time, he can request the document’s return, or “claw it back” and the other party must comply. The other party is barred from using the privileged document to further his client’s case.

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were amended to provide for this clawback scenario. The Federal Rules of Evidence appear to follow suit. However, parties (with the apparent encouragement of courts) have been using CAs to clawback the inadvertent disclosure of privileged material even before the amendment of the Federal Rules. The general rule that partial disclosure on a subject will bring in its wake total disclosure can be avoided by entering into a contract. Courts are willing to enforce partial waiver between two parties, whereby the waiver of some privileged materials will not constitute waiver of all between the two parties.

During your research on CAs, you come across a case that jolts you – Victor Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc. Stanley highlights the danger of not using a CA. In Stanley, defendant’s counsel, acknowledging the vast volume of documents to be produced, initially requested that the court approve a CA. The court was willing, but upon obtaining a time extension to produce documents, defendant’s counsel withdrew his request for a CA. Parties did not enter into a CA prior to discovery production. Unfortunately, defendant’s counsel erroneously produced documents that were within parameters of privilege and should have been withheld. The court ruled that defendant’s counsel was aware the case involved review of voluminous material and that there was a danger of inadvertent production of privileged info. The court also observed that the defendant’s counsel had initially wisely sought the protection of a CA. Had the defense not abandoned his request for a court-approved CA, he would have been protected. However, having abandoned the request for a CA, the defendant’s counsel waived any privilege for these documents. Once the disclosure of privileged material is made, any order issued to redress the disclosure – in absence of a CA – would be the equivalent of closing the barn door after the animals have run off. After reading the Stanley opinion you make a note to include CAs as a standard tool in your litigator’s toolbox.

However, upon doing further research you find out that CAs may not be the right answer in every situation. A CA, despite all its protective clauses, can’t guarantee against privilege waiver in other litigation contexts. Courts have rejected parties’ claims of privilege pursuant to protective agreements from prior litigation. In Genentech, Inc. v. U.S. International Trade Commission,  the plaintiff inadvertently disclosed 12,000 pages of privileged documents in a multi-district patent infringement suit. After the district judge held that privilege as to those documents had been waived, the administrative law judge presiding over another patent suit involving Genentech and different defendants ruled that the privilege waiver extended to that proceeding. Genentech argued that no general waiver applied to the second case because the parties to the district court case had been subject to a protective order. Because the appeals court determined that Genentech had failed to use adequate procedures to review for privilege in the first action, the court’s finding of waiver in the second proceeding was sustained.

Also, CAs will be of little help if used to offer selective waivers. This is where a party is willing to disclose privileged information to one party, for example a governmental agency, and not to other parties. Federal courts – including the Sixth Circuit– have struck down selective waivers (even when unconditional confidentiality agreements are entered into prior to the disclosure). Although some decisions have held that entering into an unconditional confidentiality agreement might, under some circumstances, protect the materials from subsequent compelled exposure, litigators shouldn’t bank on this. As the court in Navajo Nation v. Peabody Holding Co, upbraiding a party for strategic use of disclosures, held: “Parties should not be permitted to disclose documents for tactical purposes in one context, and then claim attorney-client privilege in another context.” 

Now you pause. You wonder about a strategic dilemma of using CAs. It is impossible for the receiving lawyer in such an arrangement to erase from memory the privileged material that he glimpsed. Can you unring a bell? Regardless of whether a court decides to enforce a CA, the fact remains that the receiving attorney has been exposed to privileged information and may still be able to use it to further his client’s case. Even if that attorney does not formally seek to enter an inadvertently disclosed document into evidence, he can use the information contained therein as a springboard to related documents or testimony. In effect, you fear that you may very well assist your opponent in developing his trial plan.  This however is a matter of strategy and a decision to use or not use a CA would have to be made on a case by case basis.

Your research also tells you that there is a danger that use of a CA in federal litigation may be deemed as a waiver of the privilege in subsequent state court litigation.  Clawback provisions in the Federal Rules, while respected in federal courts, may be deemed a common law waiver of privilege in state courts – not only for the document in question but also as a broad waiver of the subject matter involved.  Therefore, care must be taken to identify the controlling law in each jurisdiction.  You decide to find out the controlling law in your state – Michigan.

Michigan has recognized the attorney-client privilege as “the oldest of the privileges for confidential communications known to the common law.”  It has long held that a waiver of the privilege does not arise by accident.  Michigan courts have set forth principles explaining privilege and its waiver:

(1) In Michigan the attorney-client privilege has a dual nature – it includes both the security against publication and the right to control introduction into evidence of such information;

(2) This dual nature of the privilege applies where there has been inadvertent disclosure of privileged material;

(3) An implied waiver of the privilege must be judged by standards as stringent as for a “true waiver,” before the right to control the introduction of privileged matter into evidence will be destroyed, even though the inadvertent disclosure has eliminated any security against publication;

(4) A “true waiver” requires an intentional, voluntary act and cannot arise by implication or the voluntary relinquishment of a known right and

(5) Error of judgment where the person knows that privileged information is being released but concludes that the privilege will nevertheless survive will destroy any privilege.

You are happy to note that in Michigan a document “inadvertently” produced that is otherwise protected by the attorney-client, privilege remains protected. Absent a “true waiver,” a document retains its privileged status, regardless of whether it has been publicly disclosed. You happily note that unlike some federal courts, Michigan courts have held that counsel’s failure to take reasonable precautions to protect from inadvertent disclosure of privileged or protected material is not enough to be a true waiver.

However, you are troubled by the fact that in Michigan, once privileged info is disclosed to a 3rd party by the one who holds the privilege, privilege disappears. Privilege need only be validly waived once to be conclusively destroyed. Unfortunately, no Michigan case discusses a CA.

Also, you find that in Michigan “involuntary disclosure” of info by court order doesn’t amount to waiver of privilege.  You finally see light at the end of the tunnel. You decide the best option is for the parties to agree to a CA and then request the court to incorporate the clawback provisions into a scheduling or protective order. However, you make sure that your participation in drafting the protective order is not interpreted in any manner as a waiver of privilege.

You now turn to the issue of protective orders. You are aware of the recent amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure whereby clawback provisions can be adopted and incorporated into a protective order. Protective orders – often negotiated by the parties and entered by the court on a stipulated basis – have become commonplace prior to producing documents in discovery. In complex commercial litigation, it is not unusual for a court to enter a detailed protective order fleshing out all the contours for production and exchange of information, including inadvertent disclosure of privileged material. Three rules potentially govern the entry of such protective orders: the court can issue a scheduling order under Fed. R. Civ. P16; a protective order under Fed. R. Civ. P26(c); or a discovery management order under Fed. R. Civ. P26(b)(2). You correctly reason that having a CA provision incorporated into a protective order would allow your client to contend in a later proceeding that disclosure of privileged/protected info in the former case was involuntary and pursuant to court order. Where there is a protective order in place, courts have allowed the terms of the protective order to trump existing case law – in some cases, a protective order may operate to change the effect of unforgiving case law.

Of course, being an experienced litigator, you are also aware that the existence of a protective order does not allow a privilege holder to sit on its right to retrieve the privileged document. A cavalier attitude or failure to act promptly to retrieve the document may nullify any CA.

Having researched federal case law on CAs and having found little on this in Michigan, you review your options. You are aware that federal courts have continued to encourage the use of CAs in commercial litigation – more so after the rules were amended. It is highly likely that your court would agree to a proposal of incorporating CA provisions in a protective order to speed up discovery. Without a CA, you are faced with an exhaustive and complete pre-production review of physical and electronically stored documents with privileged material. You know this would be time consuming, expensive, and unrealistic. Even then, prudence mandates that you utilize the safety net of a CA for any inadvertent disclosures. Finally, you distill the essential rulings of the federal courts regarding the CAs, juxtapose them against existing Michigan jurisprudence and come up with three conditions that should protect your inadvertent disclosure from a challenge in your current federal litigation or any future state litigation: (a) the party claiming the privilege took reasonable steps – in view of the volume of data to be reviewed, the time permitted in the scheduling or protective order to do so, and the resources of the producing party; (b) the producing party took reasonable steps to assert promptly the privilege once it learned that some privileged information inadvertently had been disclosed, despite the exercise of reasonable measures to screen for privilege and, importantly; (c) the production had been compelled by court order that was issued after the court’s independent evaluation of the scope of electronic discovery permitted, the reasonableness of the procedures the producing party took to screen privileged material and the amount of time that the court allowed the producing party to spend on production. 

You surmise that a properly drafted CA that has been incorporated into a court order would achieve its goal: unring a bell in case of an inadvertent disclosure. You are now ready to call the General Counsel.

For resources/citations, see this article on our website at lorandoslaw.com

About the Author

Ashish Joshi has law degrees from University of Michigan Law School and Gujarat, India. Joshi focuses on civil/commercial litigation and white collar defense in NY and MI and federal courts all over the US. He is co-chair of the Commercial Litigation Committee of the Business Law Section of the State Bar of Michigan. He is also a member of the American Bar Association and National Association of Criminal Defense Attorneys. For more, go to www.lorandoslaw.com

04 Kenne Bell Cobra (fly-bys, rev, and wot pass) Borla Stingers / Bassani offroad X pipe

US Auctions Australian Auctions Austrian Auctions Belgian Auctions Canadian Auctions French Auctions German Auctions Indian Auctions Irish Auctions Italian Auctions Dutch Auctions Polish Auctions Spanish Auctions Swiss Auctions UK Auctions

Best Match Time: ending soonest Time: newly listed Price: lowest first Price: highest first Price + Shipping: lowest first Price + Shipping: highest first

2002 2007 SUBARU IMPREZA WRX STI 3 DOWNPIPE DOWN PIPE EXHASUT BELL MOUTH RACING    US $26.99

55 Bell Shaped Durable Tobacco Smoking Pipe 30065    US $1.99

3 BELL MOUTH DOWNPIPE SUBARU IMPREZA WRX STI STAINLESS STEEL DOWN PIPE EXHAUST    US $87.99

Electromechanical bell chimes for a church pipe organ    US $1,000.00

02 03 04 05 06 07 SUBARU IMPREZA WRX STI TURBO DOWNPIPE DOWN PIPE BELL MOUTH    US $108.95

VINTAGE BELL BRAND VIOLIN PITCH PIPE WITH BOX    US $9.99

Fine Copper Brass Boatswains Pipe Whistle bosun New costume bell NEW FREE SH    US $9.99

LARGE PARROT SAFE PIPE BELL 6 COLORS with OR w o CHAIN PET BIRD TOY PARTS    US $6.99

lot plumbing chrome escutcheon trim ring bell pipe collar shower drain vtg nos    US $49.99

PARROT SAFE SMALL PIPE BELL 6 COLORS with OR w o CHAIN PET BIRD TOY PARTS    US $4.99

rare short bell 3 chime brass steam whistle 1 2 pipe xx company    US $300.00

BELLS PLASTIC WITH PIPE CLEANER STEMS    US $2.00

Medium Pipe Bell med to lg Parrot Bird Toy Indestructible    US $9.12

Two angels with blocks of wood at end of pipes strike bell on clockNew Year    US $8.00

Small Indestructible Pipe Bell Parrot Bird Toy    US $7.40

vintage ESTATE pipe THE BELL MATT    US $9.00

Mini French Horn Rosebrass Leading Pipe Bell    US $250.00

15 VINTAGE 1980s CLIP CHARMSBELLSMINI CHARM BRACELET ROLLERBLADEMOUSEPIPE    US $30.99

Aluminum Tubular Wood Pine Frame Musical Wind Chime Pipe Bells Hanging Patio    US $29.97

Bamboo Musical Wind Chime Tinkle Pipe Bells Patio Garden Yard Decor Fish Shape    US $24.97

Star Pipe MJRS0806 8×6 Ductile Iron Bell Reducer    US $125.26

Star Pipe MJR0804 8×4 MJ Ductile Iron Bell Reducer    US $93.28

Star Pipe MJR0806 8×6 MJ Ductile Iron Bell Reducer    US $134.27

Star Pipe MJR1006 10×6 MJ Ductile Iron Bell Reducer    US $112.07

Star Pipe MJR1008 10×8 MJ Ductile Iron Bell Reducer    US $162.43

Star Pipe FRD0604 6×4 Ductile Iron Bell Reducer    US $167.41

Star Pipe MJRS1008 10×8 Ductile Iron Bell Reducer    US $126.79

Star Pipe MJR1208 12×8 MJ Ductile Iron Bell Reducer    US $195.25

Star Pipe FRD0803 8×3 Ductile Iron Bell Reducer    US $153.15

Star Pipe FRD1006 10×6 Ductile Iron Bell Reducer    US $257.36

BELL REDUCER 1 1 2 X 1 2 150 304 STAINLESS STEEL FNPT PIPE FITTING 560WH    US $8.10

OLD BLACK MAN PIPE CLEANER 3 VINTAGE COLONIAL CLOTHESPIN DOLLS costumes bell    US $39.50

LEON BERRY Giant Wurlitzer Pipe Organ Bells Chimes LP    US $11.98

Christmas Vintage Bisque Santa w Pipe Bell 7×4 GUC    US $12.00

1911 AD Prince Albert pipe tobacco liberty bell    US $9.99

LP LEON BERRY GIANT WURLITZER PIPE ORGAN w BELLS CHIMES    US $6.05

Vintage Sterling by Bell charm Hillbilly woman smoking pipe Gatlinburg Tennessee    US $8.99

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE Design and Construction UNI BELL 3RD ED 1993 HB BOOK    US $24.00

1962 ad nbc bernard frizell congo peace pipe hugh bell    US $24.99

2002 2007 SUBARU IMPREZA WRX STI DOWNPIPE DOWN PIPE BELL MOUTH 02 03 04 05 06 07    US $99.95

Church Bell Windchime Spiritual Wood Pipe Chime    US $39.95

LOT VINTAGE CRAFT SUPPLIES PIPE CLEANERS BELLS BEADS    US $9.95

Honda Yamaha triumph bsa norton bell trumpet exhaust muffler pipe vintage japan    US $30.00

NEW INTER Bb W F ATT ROSE BRASS PIPE BELL TROMBONE    US $369.99

Emb Christmas Postcard Santa Smoking a Pipe in a Bell    US $7.99

CHRISTMAS PC SANTA SMOKING PIPE ANGEL ON BELL 1917    US $8.99

The Uni bell PVC Pipe Association Handbook of PVC Pipe Design and Construction    US $11.50

LARGE PIPE BELL BIRD TOY parrot toyS    US $9.99

View Page:   1  2

You’re not as Poor as You Think

Most people that have to juggle their budget to make the ends meet, think they are a bit “poor.” After all, they can’t just go out to dinner when they feel like it. They have to plan and set something aside.

But they are a lot richer than they think they are. In fact, they are in the top 10% of the world population as far as wealth goes.

Here is a true story: A western man was travelling by train in India, and it stopped at a railway station in one of the larger Indian cities. Crowds of people were getting on and off the train, and as he waited, the man got hungry. He had some bananas with him, so he got one out and ate it as he watched the people going back and forth. He noticed a lot of scruffy looking street kids begging amongst the crowds.

When he had eaten his banana, and not having too much respect for the dirty station, he tossed his banana peel out the carriage window. Immediately the street kids pounced on his banana peel. Sharing it amongst themselves, they carefully ate the inside of the peel, leaving only the thin, yellow outer peel.

The experience changed this man. He realised how fortunate he was to have food, any food at all. So many people do not have any food whatsoever for days. And if they do not have food, it follows that they will have even less possessions.

The admonition to “count our blessings” has not survived the centuries for nothing. It’s said over and over again because we forget so quickly. We get confused between needs and wants. We want to be pampered and comfortable. When we think of that new DVD recorder or cellphone, we make a point of shutting out the images of starving people.In fact, we have to in order to keep our sanity.

What we need to do, is to firstly be happy with what we’ve got. Then when we do think of all the starving and destitute people in the world, we need to do something that is within our financial abilities, to help these people. One easy thing that springs to mind is to never waste food. The next thing we can do is contribute money, to charities that we trust, that help these people. Even if it’s only a dollar that we give. If the whole of the USA each gave one dollar, there would probably be enough to buy food to feed half of India’s starving people for a month. Not steaks and hamburgers, but simple foodstuffs to keep them alive and give them strength to find work. After all, a flood is just a whole lot of little raindrops all doing their bit!

So if you live in a trailer, and haven’t bought a new pair of jeans the last two years, just imagine: if your trailer was parked in parts of India or Africa, you would be the richest person in that whole community! They would immediately elect you mayor, because of your obvious wealth and importance, not least because of that amazing, opulent trailer that you live in, while all the rest of the people live in mud huts, if they are lucky enough to have any dwelling at all.

Indeed, you are not as poor as you think.

About the Author

Hi,

Thank you for reading my article.
There are many more articles, as well as lots of free information, software downloads, photos and advice at the Wrinklyo Web Node, which can be found at:

http://wrinklyo.googlepages.com

Thank you for your support!

Regards

Duncan Kelly

Happy Hut!

US Auctions Australian Auctions Austrian Auctions Belgian Auctions Canadian Auctions French Auctions German Auctions Indian Auctions Irish Auctions Italian Auctions Dutch Auctions Polish Auctions Spanish Auctions Swiss Auctions UK Auctions

Best Match Time: ending soonest Time: newly listed Price: lowest first Price: highest first Price + Shipping: lowest first Price + Shipping: highest first

Happy Nappers Jungle Hut to Monkey As Seen on TV    US $17.95

Multipet HAPPY HUT Bird Parrot Hideaway Toy MEDIUM    US $13.59

MPI HAPPY HUT BIRD HIDEAWAY SMALL BIRDS FREE SHIP    US $9.99

Multipet Happy Hut Small Bird Parakeet Lovebird NEW    US $7.99

McDonalds Happy Meal Toy Jabba the Hut Burger King Toy Star Wars Action Figure    US $2.99

Multipet HAPPY HUT Bird Parrot Hideaway Toy SMALL    US $11.59

MPI HAPPY HUT BIRD HIDEAWAY MEDIUM BIRDS FREE SHIP    US $13.79

ONE MEDIUM HAPPY HUT bird toy parrot toy bird huT    US $9.99

ONE SMALL HAPPY HUT bird toy parrot toy bird huT    US $8.49

HAPPY NAPPER MONKEY TO JUNGLE HUT WITH SOUND CASE FRESH    US $17.99

POOR RICH ONES Happy CD All ThoseEP William Hut    US $12.99

HAPPY HOUR Tiki Hut Bar Tavern Home Pub Beer Sign    US $17.95

Multipet Happy Hut Plush Cage Hut for Birds Assorted Green Grey and Yellow Col    US $14.16

NEW Monkey to Hut Happy Napper    US $20.99

New Happy Nappers Hut To Monkey 21 Plush Pillow As Seen On TV Fast Shipping    US $19.95

X LARGE BIRDIE BINKIE RING PINK HAPPY HUT ALTERNATIVE Parrot Toys by A Bird Toy    US $21.95

X LARGE BIRDIE BINKIE RING GREEN HAPPY HUT ALTERNATIVE Parrot Toys by A Bird Toy    US $21.95

DADDY COOL SKYHOOKS The Ballad Of Oz Happy hippy Hut RARE Split 4 Track CD EP    US $27.00

Happy Hour Palm Tree Tiki Hut Parrot Tropical Decor    US $14.99

VINTAGE 1977 DR PEPPER PIZZA HUT HAPPY DAYS RALPH    US $19.99

Star Wars 1997 Pizza Hut toys Sealed Happy Meal At At    US $89.99

HAPPY HOUR TROPICAL TIKI HUT BAR PARROTHEAD DRINK BEACH HOUSE ISLAND SIGN PLAQUE    US $8.95

FREE SHIPPING ONE SMALL HAPPY HUT bird toy parrot toy bird huT    US $9.99

FREE SHIPPING ONE MEDIUM HAPPY HUT bird toy parrot toy bird huT    US $11.99

Whether or not you’re keen on the happy twittering from birds or you will wish to make your own backyard a ravishing spot where birds can nest in, you’ve stopped at the correct place. We will provide you with some info you have to be familiar with before getting a birdhouse. When you do your own study on birdhouses, on-line or at a traditional retailer, you’ll notice that there are plenty of options. Among the totally different kinds of bird houses, wooded bird houses are the most ideal. This is offered in numerous types. We will talk about this in depth below.

Forms of Picket Bird Houses The Rustic Wooden houses for birds are a great buy for the newbie watcher as these can be easily filled and washed. These are built out of Pine and Cedar. They’ve got a contemporary, rustic attraction to them, which make them good for all of the species. It would look engaging in the yard of your own residence.

Purple Martin Birdhouses The Purple Martin is American’s most favorite bird. These country Wood Bird Houses make it easier to start with them. As these rustic styled wood Purple Martin Birdhouses are so gorgeous, even the choosiest birds make their way inside.

Chickadee and Wren Bird House The Wren Picket Bird House will help you in defending these tiny birds and likewise provide you with the harmony of their complex singing. Chickadee Wood Bird houses typically are home to these happy and social small chickadees. In dangerous weather, these bird houses provide a safe place for birds. These country birdhouses are ideal for any environment and location.

Bluebird Rustic Homes If you wish to begin a bluebird trail utilizing one of the country homes, be sure to choose from the wide range available. Open top, nest box casement, plus small feeders for bluebird or horizontal homes for bluebirds are good. It would be best to place them around one hundred yards from the bird house. You may even have 2 totally different bluebird houses at roughly a gap of 5 feet to keep the sparrows and the other varieties away from each other.

Wild Bird and Owl House Everybody who loves watching birds suppose that every bird deserves a home. Because of this there is a variety of Wood Bird House for undomesticated birds also. A number of Wild Bird and Owl homes are for bigger birds. Likewise, birdhouses for geese, woodpeckers and owls are essential. These are made in the USA and can be found on the Wild Bird House part in many on-line sites.

BirdHouses – Eco Friendly and recycled You can find a number of wooden bird houses from scrap wood on the web. That is the type of wood that the larger suppliers intend to either burn or toss away. This wood is utilized by craftsmen and reused to create beautiful set ups for birdhouses. These provide several unique traits like screw and nail openings. They are additionally painted to ensure the birdhouse appear vibrant and they’re non-toxic. Therefore, if you believe in protecting the Planet and are eco-friendly, pick one of these from any web shop.

At Birdhousesforsale.net you will find information on wooden bird house, wooden bird houses for sale,and wooden bird houses to paint.

US Auctions Australian Auctions Austrian Auctions Belgian Auctions Canadian Auctions French Auctions German Auctions Indian Auctions Irish Auctions Italian Auctions Dutch Auctions Polish Auctions Spanish Auctions Swiss Auctions UK Auctions

Best Match Time: ending soonest Time: newly listed Price: lowest first Price: highest first Price + Shipping: lowest first Price + Shipping: highest first

Vintage Veggies Eggplant Birdhouse    US $17.95

Finish Brass BIRDHOUSE Charm PENDANT for JEWELRY DESIGN    US $1.99

2 BIRDHOUSE KITCHEN DOUBLE TOWELS CROCHET TOPS    US $5.50

Vintage Birdhouse Skateboards Mens Brown Mouse Graphic T Shirt XL extra large    US $3.10

Easy to Build Birdhouses a Natural Approach Must Know Info to Attract and    US $8.99

NEW CANDAMAR DESIGNS COUNTED CROSS STITCH KIT BIRDHOUSES IN A ROW    US $21.99

Metal Morphosis CANDLE SNUFFER Bird House and Vine NIB    US $20.00

Pack of 4 Winter Solace Frost Moss Berry Birdhouse Christmas Ornaments 8 115    US $99.95

SQUINKIES Squinkies Zinkies Birdhouse ♥WITH 12 SQUINKIES♥NIP♥    US $16.99

Donald Duck Birdhouse    US $9.99

Bird House Bag Dryer Wood Homemade    US $8.00

Vintage Photo O9373 Girl in dress by small windmill birdhouse    US $5.98

4 MULTI COLORED QUILTING FABRIC BIRDHOUSES FOR APPLIQUE SEWING 29    US $1.99

Vintage Birdhouse Ceramic Cookie Jar Great Look    US $19.99

JJ Scatter Pin Set 3 Birdhouses with Birds for Bird Watchers or Lovers    US $3.00

Hartstone Pottery Bird House Birds Teapot    US $12.99

Primitive Garden Angel with Basket Bird House    US $4.99

Amazing Designs AD1186 Birdhouses Collection II    US $25.00

Gone Fishing Birdhouse    US $11.00

New Pfaltzgraff Birdhouse Mini Globe Ornament    US $5.00

34320 Freestanding Victorian Birdhouse    US $27.99

NEW Fruit Veggie FARMERS MARKET Bird House BIRDHOUSE    US $5.87

Moose Lodge Birdhouse    US $12.00

LASER ETCHED 3D Crystal Cube Snowman With Bird House and Snowflakes    US $6.99

Winery Birdhouse    US $15.00

New ROBINS BIRDHOUSE with ROSES FIGURINE resin small 15 in tall    US $2.94

BIRD HOUSE WITH 2 BIRDS AND FLOWERS MADE OUT OF SOME TYPE OF HARD MATERIAL    US $6.99

ISLAND TIME BIRDHOUSE CHIME    US $25.00

ISLAND TIME BIRDHOUSE WINDCHIME    US $21.50

Vntg Anthropologie whimsical birdhouses graphic and colorful pillow 17×17    US $34.95

ACRYLIC PACKET BY DISTINCTIVE BRUSHSTROKES DIEPHOUSE DEPTULA FESTIVE BIRDHOUSES    US $6.25

GOURDBIRDHOUSEDAISIESPINK SUMMER ROSESLOTS OF VINES LEAVES    US $9.95

PHOTO FRAME 3 x 425 photo size Sunflowers Bird Houses Bee Flowers in Relief    US $3.94

License Plate Birdhouse Texas    US $11.50

Owl Birdhouse Case Pack 8    US $179.95

2002 Blue Sky BIRDHOUSE Tea Light Candle Holder Flower Roof    US $23.99

Red Hat Society White Red Hat and Bird Houses Short Sleeve Shirt sz xl    US $9.99

Owl Birdhouse    US $29.95

Westland Collectible Birdhouse Figurine 1289 Bird House Snow Globe Nest    US $9.99

Westland Collectible Birdhouse Figurine 1383 Bird House Nest Very Cute    US $9.99

Westland Collectible Birdhouse Figurine 1385 Bird House Nest Very Cute    US $9.99

Westland Collectible Birdhouse Figurine 1290 Bird House Snow Globe Nest    US $9.99

Westland Collectible Birdhouse Figurine 1381 Bird House Nest Very Cute    US $8.99

Westland Collectible Birdhouse Figurine 1382 Bird House Nest Very Cute    US $9.99

Westland Collectible Birdhouse Figurine 1384 Bird House Nest Very Cute    US $10.99

Westland Collectible Birdhouse Figurine 1286 Bird House Snow Globe Nest    US $9.99

MINIATURE ARTISAN MADE FROM LENOR JOHNSON SIGNED GARDEN AND BIRD HOUSE    US $49.99

Bucilla Counted Cross Stitch Kit NO CATS Birdhouses NEW NICE    US $9.99

View Page:   1  2  3

Terminology wooden floor. Hardwood Floors, Fairfax Virginia

• Adhesive: A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. It is a general term and includes cements, mucilage and paste and glue.
• Anisotropic: Exposing different properties when measured along different axes. Overall, the fibrous materials such as wood are anisotropic.
• The Balanced Construction: A construction so that the forces induced by uniformly distributed changes in moisture content do not cause distortion. Symmetrical wooden building in which the grain direction of each layer is perpendicular to the layer is balanced construction.
• Bark pocket is an opening between annual growth rings that contains bark. Bark pockets appear as bands dark radial surfaces and as rounded areas on tangential surfaces.
• Manga: One element of the support structure for a load applied perpendicular to it.
• Birdseye: Small localized areas in wood with the fibers indented and otherwise contorted to form few to many small circular or elliptical figures remotely resembling bird's eyes on the tangential surface. Sometimes found in sugar maple and used for decorative purposes, rare in other species hardwood.
• Blister: An increase in the surface of a stick, which resembles in shape a blister on the human skin, its borders indefinitely follows, and may have ruptured and flattened. (A blister can be caused by the glue insufficient inadequate curing time, temperature or pressure, or trapped water or solvent vapors.)
• Board Foot: A unit of measurement represented by a wooden board 12 "long, 12 inches wide and 1cm thick, or its cubic equivalent. In practice, the board foot calculation for lumber 1 inch or more in thickness is based on its nominal thickness and width and the actual length. Wood with a nominal thickness of less than 1 inch is calculated 1 inch
• Bond: (1) The union of materials by adhesive. (2) For joining materials by means of an adhesive.
• Bond Strength: The unit load applied in tension, compression, flexure, impact, peel, cleavage, or shear required to break an adhesive assembly with failure occurring at or near the plane of the bond.
• Bow: The distortion of lumber in which there is a deviation in a direction perpendicular to the flat side of a line straight from one end of the piece.
• Box Beam: A beam built with solid wood flanges and plywood or web-based panel wood products.
• In case of the heart: The term used when the bone falls entirely within the four sides of a piece of wood anywhere in its length. Also is called the medulla in case.
• Burl: (1) Following hard, woody plant a tree, more or less rounded in shape, usually resulting from entwined growth of a cluster of adventitious buds. These knots are the source of the highly figured burl veneers used for purely ornamental. (2) wood or veneer, a distortion severe localized grain generally rounded in outline, usually resulting from overgrowth of dead branch stubs, one to several centimeters (one half to several inches) in diameter, which often includes one or more groups of several small contiguous conical protuberances, each usually has a core or marrow, but not an appreciable amount of end grain tangential _en) that surrounds it.
• Cambium: A thin layer of tissue between bark and wood that is subdivided into several opportunities to form new wood and bark cells.
• Song: A log that has been slabbed on one or more sides. In general, applicants are intended to resaw at right angles to their widest sawn face. The term is used freely. (See Flitch)
• Cementation: a condition of stress and put in dry wood is characterized by compressive stress in the outer layers and tensile stress at the center or core.
• Mobile: One term general anatomical units of plant tissue, including wood fibers, vessel members, and other elements of diverse structure and function.
• Cellulose: The carbohydrate component is the principle of wood and provides a framework of wood cells.
• Tickets: A separation along the wood normally extends through the annual growth rings, commonly the result of stresses set up in wood during drying.
• Cohesion The condition in which the components of a mass of material held together by physical and chemical forces.
• The lack of understanding: The deformation of the fibers wood resulting from excessive compression along the grain, either live or final compression bending. It can grow in standing trees due to bending wind or snow or internal stresses developed in longitudinal growth, or may result from the stresses imposed on the tree is cut. In wood surface, faults compression can appear as fine wrinkles on the face of the piece.
• Corbel: A projection of facing a wall or column supporting a weight.
• Crook: The distortion of lumber in which there is a deviation in a direction perpendicular to the edge of a straight line from one end of the piece.
• Impairment: The decomposition of wood substance by fungi.
  Advanced (typical) Impairment: The older stage of decay in which destruction is easily recognized because the wood has become punky, soft and spongy, fibrous, ringshaked, pitted or crumbly. Decided discoloration or bleaching of wood rotten is often apparent.
• Brown Rot: In wood, any deterioration in the attack focuses on the cellulose and associated carbohydrates rather than the lignin, producing a light to dark brown friable residue – hence loosely termed "dry rot." An advanced stage, where wood is split along rectangular planes, contraction, called the "cubical rot."
• Dry Rot: A term applied to any dry, crumbly vaguely, but the putrefaction especially that which, when in an advanced stage, permits the wood to be crushed easily to a dry powder. The term is actually a misnomer suitable for any damage, since all fungi require considerable moisture for growth.
• Incipient disintegration: The initial phase of decomposition has not advanced far enough to soften or significantly impair the hardness of the wood. Usually accompanied by a slight discoloration or bleaching.
• Heart Rot: Any feature limits for heartwood rot. It usually originates in the living tree.
• Pocket Rot: serious cavities appearing in the form of a hole or pocket, usually surrounded by apparently sound wood.
• Soft Rot: A special type of decline in development in very wet (as in cooling towers and boat timbers) in the outer layers of wood, caused by the destruction of cellulose microfungi that attack the cell wall secondary and not the intercellular layer.
• White Rot: In wood, any deterioration or putrefaction attacking both the cellulose and lignin, producing a white residue that can usually be spongy or stringy rot, or if they appear as pocket rot.
• Delamination: Separation of the layers of laminated wood or plywood because of failure of adhesive either within the adhesive itself or at the interface between the adhesive and the adherend.
• Density: As is usually applied wood to form normal cell density is the mass per unit volume of wood substance enclosed within the boundary of a wood surface, the more complex-empty. It is differently expressed in pounds per cubic foot, kilograms per cubic meter, or grams per cubic centimeter at a specified moisture content.
• Dew Point: The temperature at which a vapor begins to deposit in liquid form. This applies especially to water in the atmosphere.
• In the early wood: The portion of growth ring formed during the first part of the growing season. Usually less dense and weaker mechanically than latewood. Also known as Springwood.
• Equilibrium Moisture Content: Moisture content of wood in which neither gains nor loses moisture when surrounded by air at a given relative humidity and temperature.
• Fiber saturation point: The stage in drying or wetting wood in which cell walls are saturated and cell cavities free from water. Applies to a cell or group of cells, not all boards. It is usually taken as approximately 30% moisture based on oven-dry weight.
• Figure: The pattern produced in a wood surface by annual growth rings, rays, knots, deviations from regular grain such as interlocked and wavy grain, and irregular coloration.
• Filling: In woodworking, any substance used to fill gaps and irregularities in planed surfaces or sanded to reduce the porosity of the surface before applying finish coatings. As applied to adhesives, a relatively non-adhesive substance added to an adhesive to improve their working properties, strength, or other qualities.
• Finish (Finish): (1) Wood products such as doors, staircases and works well required to complete a building, especially the interior. (2) coats of paint, varnish, lacquer, wax, or other similar material to the surface occurred wood to protect and enhance their durability or appearance.
• Cola: In the beginning, a hard gelatin comes from skins, tendons, cartilage, bones, etc. from animals. In addition, an adhesive prepared from this substance in hot water. Through the general use of the term is now synonymous with the term "gang."
• Quality: The description of the quality of a piece of wood or manufactured logs.
• Grain: The location, size, appearance, arrangement, or the quality of the wood fibers or wood. To have a specific meaning of the word must be qualified.
• Fine-grained (fine grain) of wood: wood ring narrow Discrete annual. The term is sometimes used to designate wood with small and closely spaced pores, but in this sense, the term "texture fine "is used more frequently.
• Coarse-grained wood: Wood with wide annual rings visible in which there is considerable difference between wood early and late wood. The term is sometimes used to designate wood with large pores, such as oak, keruing, meranti and walnut, but in this sense, the term "Open-grain" is used more frequently.
• Cross Grain Wood: The wood in which the fibers deviate from a parallel to the sides of the piece. Cross grain may be diagonal or spiral grain or a combination thereof.
• Curly grain of wood: The wood in which the fibers are so distorted that look rough, like the "bird" of wood. The areas showing curly grain may vary up to several inches in diameter.
• Diagonal Wood Grain: Wood, in which the annual rings at an angle to the axis of a part as a result of cutting at an angle with the bark or trunk. One way cross grain.
• Grain boundary Wood: Wood that has been cut so that the wide surfaces extend approximately at right angles to the growth rings year. Wood is considered the grain boundary when it rings form an angle of 45 ° to 90 ° to the surface of the piece range.
• Wood End Grain: The grain as shown in a cut in a right angle to the direction of the fibers (for example, in a cross section of a tree).
• Grain fiddleback Wood: the figure produced by a type of fine-grained wavy include, for example, in species such as maple, the wood traditionally used for the backs of violins.
• Flat grain (flat cut) Wood: Wood has been sawn parallel to the pith and approximately tangent to the growth rings. The wood grain is considered flat when the annual growth rings form an angle of less than 45 ° to the surface of the piece.
• Interlocking wood grain: grain in which the fibers put for several years may slope in a right direction, and after several years yet invested in a left-handed direction, and then returns to change one step away from the right hand, and so on. This timber is very difficult to split radially, but tangentially can split quite easily.
• Open wood grain: Common classification for woods with large pores such as oak, keruing, meranti, and walnut. Also known as "coarse texture."
• Plainsawn Wood: Another term for flat wood grain.
• Quartersawn Wood: Another term for edge grain lumber.
• Side grain Wood: Another term for flat wood grain.
• Wood grain Slash: Another term for exercise flat grain.
• Spiral Wood grain: The timber in which the fibers take a spiral course about the trunk of a tree instead of the normal vertical course. The spiral may extend in the direction of left and right handed in all the tree trunk. Spiral grain is a form of cross grain.
• Straight-grained wood: The wood in which the fibers are parallel to the axis of a piece.
• Vertical Wood Grain: Another term for edge grain lumber.
• Wavy grain of wood: The wood in which the fibers collectively in waves or wave.
• Green: Just sawn or undried wood. The wood has become completely wet after immersion in water not be considered green but can say that it is in condition green.
• Growth Ring: The layer of wood growth put on a tree during a season growth. In the temperate zone, the growth rings of many species (eg oaks and pines) are easily distinguished because of differences in the cells formed during the early and late season. In some temperate species (black gum and sweet gum) and many tropical species, are the growth rings not easily recognized annually.
• Hardness: A property of wood that allows it to resist indentation.
• Hardwoods: Usually one of the groups botanical trees that have vessels or pores and broad leaves in contrast with the conifers or softwoods. The term does not refer to the real hardness of the wood.
• Heartwood: The wood extending from the pith to the sapwood, the cells no longer participate in the life processes of the tree. The heartwood can contain phenolic compounds, gums, resins and other materials that usually make it darker cavities and stronger than the sapwood.
• Isotropic: Exposing the same properties in all directions.
• Mixed: The union of two pieces of wood or metal.
• Adhesive Joint: The place where you do two adherends together with a layer of adhesive.
• Butt Set: A final set formed by the ends adjacent to the square of two parts.
• Edge Joint: A joint mission by the binding edge two pieces of wood together to edge, commonly by gluing. The joints may be made by gluing two square edges like a plain edge, jointly or through the use of joints machining of different types, such as the joints of tongue-and-grooved.
• Common purpose: To make the joining together two pieces of wood together to end usually at the end of play.
• Finger Joint: A final set consists of several pieces of mesh or fingers of wood bonded together with adhesive. The fingers are inclined and may be cut parallel to the face either broad or narrow the piece.
• Beam: One of a series of parallel beams used to support floor and roof loads and supported in turn by larger beams, beams and walls.
• Oven: A chamber having controlled air flow, temperature and relative humidity for drying wood. The temperature increases as drying progresses and the relative humidity decreases.
• Node: The part of a branch or a limb has been surrounded by subsequent growth of the mother. The shape of a knot as it appears on a cut surface depends on the angle of the cut in relation to the longitudinal axis of the knot.
• Encased Knot: A knot whose annual growth rings are not homegrown things with wood in the vicinity.
• Inter-grown Knot: A knot whose rings of annual growth are completely grown up with the surrounding wood.
• Loose knot: A knot that is not held firmly in place by growth or position and that can not be invoked to stay in place.
• Pin Knot: A knot is only 12 mm (1 / 2 inches) in diameter.
• Sound Knot: A knot that is solid through its face, at least as hard as the surrounding wood and shows no signs of decline.
• Spike Knot: A knot cut approximately parallel longitudinal axis so that the exposed section is definitely elongated.
• Laminate: A product made by the union of two or more layers (plies) material or materials.
  Timber Laminates: An assembly made by bonding layers of veneer or wood with an adhesive so that the grain of all layers is essentially parallel.
• Latewood: Part of the growth ring that is formed after the earlywood formation has stopped. Usually denser and stronger the earlywood. (Also known as wood in summer.)
• Wood: The product of the saw and planning mill for the manufacturing sector is limited along sawing, resaw, through a standard planning machine, transverse to the length and consistency. Wood can be made from softwood or hardwood. (See also Wood: Dimension.)
• Tip: Wood that is less than 38 mm standard (2-inch nominal) thick and greater than 38 standard mm (nominal 2 inches) across. Boards of less than 140 mm standard (nominal 6 inches) wide are sometimes called bands.
• Dimension: Wood with a standard thickness of 38 mm (2 in. nominal) up to but not including standard 114 mm (2 inches nominal).
• Dress Size: The dimensions of timber after it was covered with a planning machine. The dressed size is usually ½ to ¾ inch below the nominal or rough size. A 2-for-4 " amount, eg actually measures about 1 ½ by 3 ½ inches (standard 38-by-89 mm).
• Factory and shop lumber: Wood designed to be cut for use in manufacturing. It is classified in the percentage of the area that produces a limited number of cuts of a specified minimum size and quality.
• Matched Lumber: Lumber that is edge dressed and shaped to make a joint narrow tongue-and-grooved on the edges or ends when laid edge to edge or end to end.
• Nominal Size: As applied to wood or wood, the size of what is known and sold in the market (often differs from actual size).
• Pattern Wood: Wood that has the shape of a pattern or molded form in addition to being dressed, matched, or shiplapped, or any combination of these tasks.
• Raw wood: Wood that has not been dressed (surface), but has been cut, edged and trimmed.
• Planed Wood: Wood is dressed by running through of a brush.
• Timber: Wood is standard 114 mm (nominal 5 in.) or more in at least dimension. Timber can be used as beams, joists, poles, lids, frames, beams or straps.
• Filler: A material with adhesive properties, usually used in relatively thick sections that can be easily applied by extrusion, trowel or spatula. (See Adhesive.)
• Carpentry: Planed and patterned wood for finishing work in the building, including items such as sheet, doors, cornices, coffered ceilings, and other ornaments for indoors or outdoors. Do not include floor, ceiling or lining.
• Mineral Streak: A discoloration olive to greenish-black or brown of undetermined cause in hardwoods.
• Moisture Content: The amount of water in wood, usually expressed as a percentage of the ovendry weight of wood.
• Molding: A strip of wood with a curved or projecting surface, used for decorative.
• Mortise: A slot cut into a table, table, or wood to form a joint.
• Naval Stores: A term applied oils, resins, tars, and pitches derived from oleoresin contained in exudates by or extracted from trees, mainly pine species (genus Pinus). Historically, these items are important stores of wood sailing vessels.
• Old growth: Timber in or from a mature forest, naturally established. When the trees have grown during most if not all of their individual lives in active competition with their peers from sunlight and moisture, this timber is usually straight and relatively free of knots.
• Ovendry Wood: Wood is dried to a relatively constant weight in a ventilated oven at 102 ° C to 105 ° C (215 ° F to 220 ° F).
• Radial short cells with simple pits and operating mainly in the metabolism and storage of feed materials the plant. They remain alive more than tracheids, fibers and vessel elements, sometimes for many years. There are two types of parenchyma cells are recognized – the line vertical, more specifically known as axial parenchyma, and the horizontal series of lightning, and known as parenchyma.
• Battery: A long and heavy wood, round or square, which is deeply sunk into the ground to provide a secure foundation for structures built on soft, wet, or submerged sites (Eg, piers, or bridge abutments).
• Pocket size: An opening extending parallel to the annual growth rings that contains, or has content, tone, either solid or liquid.
• Striped Pitch: a well-defined accumulation of tone in a run of about regular timber of certain conifers.
• Bone: Small occurring, soft base near the center of a tree trunk, branches, twigs, or trunk.
• Plank: A board width, thickness established with its large horizontal dimensions and used as a bearing surface.
• Plywood: A panel consisting of wood glued relatively thin layers of veneer with the grain of adjacent layers at right angles, or in combination with a core sheet of wood or reconstituted wood. Buildings usual have an odd number of layers.
• Psychrometer: An instrument for measuring the quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere. It has somewhat dry bulb and wet bulb thermometer. The bulb of the wet bulb thermometer is kept moist and therefore is cooled by evaporation at a temperature lower than shown by the dry bulb thermometer. Because evaporation is greater in dry air, the difference between the two thermometer readings will be higher when the air is dry when wet.
• Radial: Coincident with a radius from the axis of the tree or log to the circumference. A radial section is a section in a longitudinal plane passing through the central line of the tree trunk.
• Raised Grain: A condition of the rough surface of wood dressed in which raised the hard latewood above the softer wood early, but it is not apparent.
• Ray, Wood: Strips of cells extends radially in a tree and varying in height from a few cells of some species to 4 or more inches in oak. The rays serve primarily to store food and transport in a horizontal position in the tree. Quartersawn oak, the rays form a visible figure, sometimes called spots.
• Humidity: Relationship between the amount of water vapor in the air so that air is maintained in saturation at the same temperature. It is generally considered on the basis of weight of vapor, but, for accuracy, should be considered on the basis of vapor pressures.
• Resin: (a) solid, semisolid or solid resin pseudo – A material Professional who have a tendency to flow when subjected to stress, usually has a softening or melting range, and usually fractures Concho entertainment. (2) liquid resin – A liquid organic polymer which, when converted to its final state for use, becomes a resin.
• Ducts Resin: Intercellular passages that contain and transmit resinous materials. In a cutting surface are usually inconspicuous. They may extend vertically parallel to the axis of tree or at right angles to the axis and parallel to the rays.
• Ring error: The separation of the wood during drying, occur along the grain and parallel the growth rings. (See Shake.)
• Ring-porous Woods: A group of hardwoods in which the pores are relatively large at the beginning of each annual ring and the decrease in size more or less abruptly toward the outside of the ring, forming a different area inside the pores, known as the earlywood, and an outer zone with smaller pores, known as the latewood.
• Rip: To cut lengthwise parallel to the grain.
• Sapwood: The wood color Pale, near the outside of the trunk. In most conditions the sapwood is more susceptible to decay than the heartwood.
• Sierra Court: (1) grooves or notches made in cutting with a saw. (2) The part of a trunk, wood, or other piece of wood removed by the saw in the starting material into two pieces.
• Seasoning: Removing moisture in green wood to improve its service.
• Air dry: dry by exposure to air in a yard or shed without artificial heat.
• Kiln dried: dried in an oven with the use of artificial heat.
• Second growth: wood that has grown after the removal, either by cutting, fire, wind, or other agency, of all or a significant part of the previous position.
• Shake: A separation along the grain most of which occurs between annual growth rings. Usually considered to have occurred in the standing tree or during felling.
• Woods Soft: Generally, one of the botanical groups of trees that have no vessels and in most cases, have leaves like needles or scale, conifers, also the wood produced by trees. The term does not refer to the actual hardness of wood.
• Colour: discoloration in wood that can be caused by these organisms as diverse as micro-organisms, metals, or chemicals. The term also applies to materials used to color wood.
• Strength: (1) The ability of a member to maintain tension without failure. (2) a specific test mode, the maximum stress sustained by a member loaded to failure.
• Raito Force: The hypothesized relationship of the strength of a structural element that would have if it has the characteristics of reduction in force "(such as knots, slope of grain, shake).
• Structural Timbers: Pieces of wood of relatively large size, strength or stiffness which is the element of control in their selection and use. Examples of structural timbers are trestle beams (stringers, caps, posts, beams, bracing, bridge ties, rails), wooden car (car frame, not the top frame, car frames), the preparation for construction (posts, beams, joists), the wooden ship (wood ship, decks of ships), and his arms crossed poles.
• Substrate: A surface material on which a substance diffuses containing adhesive for any purpose, such as bonding or coating.
• Tack: The property of an adhesive that lets you form a bond of measurable strength immediately after adhesive and adherent are contacted at low pressure.
• Texture: A term often used interchangeably with grain. It is sometimes used for combine the concepts of density and degree of contrast between earlywood and latewood. In this manual, texture refers to the fine structure of wood (see grain) instead of annual rings.
• Wood, Round Wood used in the original round shape, such as poles, piles, poles and beams in mines.
• Wood, Standing: Wood still on the stump.
• Trim: The finish materials on a building, such as moldings, applied around openings (windows, ribbon panel of the door) or the floor and ceiling of rooms (plinths, cornices, etc.).
• Twist: A distortion caused by the turning or winding the edges of a board so that the four corners of either side are no longer on the same plane.
• Vapor retarder: A material with high resistance to movement steam, such as paper, plastic film or specially coated paper that is used in combination with insulation to control condensation.
• Veneer: A thin layer or sheet of wood.
  Rotary-Cut Veneer: Veneer cut in a revolving around a log or bolt, lying in the center, against a knife.
• Sawing: sheet produced by sawing.
• Cut sheet: sheet that is cut from a log, bolt, or touching with a knife.
• Virgin growth: growth of mature trees in the original forests.
• Fade: Bark or lack of wood from any cause on the edge or corner of a piece with the exception of the edges relieved.
• Warp: Any variation from the truth or flat surface. Warp includes bow, thief, cup and twist, or any combination thereof.
• Water repellent: a liquid that penetrates wood which retards changes in moisture content and dimensions of dry wood without adversely altering the desirable properties.
• Repellent Water conservation: A water repellent that contains a preservative that, after application to wood and drying, serves the dual purpose of providing resistance to attack by fungi or insects and also retards changes in moisture content.
• Aging: The mechanical or chemical disintegration and discoloration surface of wood caused by exposure to light, the action of dust and sand carried by the wind, and the alternate contraction and expansion of the surface fibers continuous variation of moisture content brought by the changes in climate. Aging does not include the decline.

Visit our Virginia website repair wood floor installers, contractors, specialists in wood floor "href =" http://www.maderafloors.com "> www.maderafloors.com

Visit our blog www.maderafloors.blogspot.com

About the Author

Madera Floors is a state of the art wood floor company which serves all of Northern Virginia, Maryland and D.C. We are growing to encompass a staff of highly trained craftsmen who execute each job skillfully and meticulously.

George Walker carves & prints a small wood block

US Auctions Australian Auctions Austrian Auctions Belgian Auctions Canadian Auctions French Auctions German Auctions Indian Auctions Irish Auctions Italian Auctions Dutch Auctions Polish Auctions Spanish Auctions Swiss Auctions UK Auctions

Best Match Time: ending soonest Time: newly listed Price: lowest first Price: highest first Price + Shipping: lowest first Price + Shipping: highest first

HAND CARVED WOOD LADY BUST SMALL    US $4.99

Hand Carved Wood Indian Chief and Small Woven Blanket    US $20.00

SMALL VTG COOKIE CAKE FROSTING Decorater Aluminum w Green Wood Handle 4 Designs    US $.99

Vintage Hobbies Woodworking Plane No 10 Carpentry Wood Working Metal Small Tool    US $8.82

WOOD IRON SLED OLD SMALL VERY NICE    US $25.00

Small Teapot Wood Stamp    US $3.00

RARE 1992 LONGABERGER SM GATHERING WOOD DIVIDER 8 50041    US $19.95

antique pulley small metal wood parts    US $4.00

NIP 3 Pair of Mens Taly Wood Silk Underwear Briefs Size Small Color Red    US $9.99

Big Lot Small Antique Architectural Salvage Wood Items Finials Pull Knobs Wooden    US $6.99

Primitive Small Green Painted Wood Bench Mission    US $75.00

275 Small Wood screws including some self tapping and Box 15 different screws    US $6.99

Vintage Photo O5435 Kids fishing off small wood bridge    US $5.98

Hollister Emma Wood Bettys Sherpa Lining Zippered Hoodie Blue California SMALL    US $75.95

Small Apple wood carvers mallet    US $9.49

Bethlehem Handmade Jesus Olive Wood Small Cross on Wall    US $.01

WoodWick Wood Wick Small Reed Diffuser 2 oz Frasier Fir    US $2.25

Lovely small Russian Hand Carved Wood Santa Father Frost 5 1 2    US $199.95

Vintage STANDARD SM Oak Decorative Wood Sewing Machine Drawer Rounded Corners    US $12.01

Frame Wood Small Dark    US $4.99

Small Parrot Wood Swing Toys Wood Rope Parrot Medium Beads    US $7.50

Pair Small Lamps Maple Wood and Marble Mid Century Work    US $6.99

Small to Medium Wood Bear and Cotton Rope Birdie Toy Beads    US $6.50

Mid Century Vintage Retro 1960s Ozark Walnut Wood Small Tidbit Serving Dish    US $5.99

DOUBLE BELL LEATHER CHEW Bird Toys Small Wood Toy for Parrots TOYS4BEAKS    US $7.99

Set of three hand carved small painted wood figurines old folk art    US $12.50

Wood Burl walnut bowl Billings MO 46 5 small bowls fork spoon server    US $25.00

Handy Small Sheffield Wood Handled Minitool    US $9.99

Vintage 1970s ornate Brass inlaid wood small oval tray    US $11.87

Two Brass School Bells With Wood Handles Big Small    US $25.00

Vintage Small Clam Hod Basket Wood    US $8.99

Frame Wood Two Goldtone Large and Small    US $8.99

LOT OF 3 VINTAGE WOOD DISPLAY PLATE HOLDERS FO SMALL PLATES LOOK    US $4.99

Antique Small Wood Carved Farm Wagon Farmer Figure Logs Germany MORE    US $9.99

Vintage Photo O5904 Couple in nice clothes on small wood dock by water    US $5.98

MAPLE WOOD JEWLERY BOX 3 SMALL DRAWERS 1 LARGE DRAWER 1 DOOR WITH CAROUSEL    US $18.95

CANARI Arrogant Bastard Ale CYCLING JERSEY Beer SMALL Big Beer Big Wood Oaked    US $69.99

NEW Miniature Dark Wood Small End Table With Drawer Dollhouse Concord    US $4.95

NEW Dansk Wood Classics 12 1 2 Inch Small Tray MSRP $58 816286    US $19.99

VINTAGE ANTIQUE TACKLE BAGLEYS SMALL FRY FISHING LURE NIP PACKAGE WOOD OLD BAIT    US $23.00

Vintage Small Wood Bench Hatchet Hammer Tool    US $15.00

BLACK WOOD WOODEN SMALL ROSE FLOWER FLORAL DANGLE HOOK EARRINGS 1749B    US $.55

Small Flower Wood Beaded Purse with extra    US $4.00

MOOSEHEAD IMPORTED BEER CANADIAN LAGER MIRROR WOOD FRAME GREEN RED GOLD SMALL    US $15.50

Wood Rubber Stamp Handmade By Slightly Used SMALL    US $.99

Wood Rubber Stamp Cat Face Slightly Used SMALL    US $.99

Wood Rubber Stamp Clueless Slightly Used SMALL    US $.99

Wood Rubber Stamp Lion King Simba Slightly Used SMALL    US $.99

View Page:   1  2